Youth and drugs Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Youth and drugs - Research Proposal Example health, how education institution can influence this trend, and what addicted persons can do to get help, which gender is the most vulnerable, and many other questions. In order to get an answer to these questions it is necessary for a research to be carried out. This is a research proposal for a research on youth and drugs. Youth and drugs is not a new thing, as it has been mentioned and studied a number of times before by other researchers. However, it should be noted that there have always been a difference in findings in these studies. Furthermore, most of these researches focus on specific aspects or questions relating to youth and drugs. This makes it easier to carry out a research on this topic because of the fact that there are relevant findings that had already been availed in the reports written after the various studies and researches were carried out by different people with different perspectives and missions. It should be noted that drug abuse among the youth is a social, health, and economic concern. This is because it can hinder the performance of the youth who form a significant part of the total population of human beings globally. This implies that it is a problem that in many occasions has been undermined, but should be looked into with the seriousness that it deserves. Michelle Miller†Day looked at the role of parenting strategies on late adolescent and drug abuse. She asserts that the strategies used in talking to the youth about drugs sometimes are effective because parents do not want to be straight about the issue. Vardakou, Pistos, and Spiliopoulou assert that the use of the internet by the youth can be said to one of the factors that lead to the high rates of drug abuse among the youth. Duff (2003) carried out a research on the contribution of the youth culture to the rate of drug abuse in Australia. They found out that the youth culture was a significant contributor to drug abuse among the youth in Australia. Wilens and Biederman

Fashion Retail Management - Personal Statement Essay

Fashion Retail Management - Personal Statement - Essay Example The paper "Fashion Retail Management - Personal Statement" is fashion retail management personal statement. In my teens, I would design my own cloths and oversee the tailoring. Soon after, I realized that I was becoming ‘an advisor’ to my friends and colleagues on matters of fashion. This led to my designing and selling of gowns and participation in the management of a few local fashion shows and events where some of my pieces were displayed. My first job was with Zara, a leading fashion retail outlet.Working in the sales department, I learnt how to interact with customers andhow to position and place stocks. Moreover, I learnt about the management of supply chain. My second job was as an intern at Azadea, a leading fashion retail company operating throughout the Middle East and Africa. I worked in the fashion department, mentored by the Brand Manager. During my internship, there were plans on extending Gymboree into an online virtual store. I attended meetings where I u sed my knowledge on online shopping to participate in decision-making. I also assisted the senior brand manager with the monthly reports and strategic decisions. We also attended meetings for new locations and potential brands possible to acquire under AZADEA, investigating competitors and traffic areas. Currently I am interning for a team that previously worked with the luxury designer Zuhair Murad. This experience has allowed me to gain multi-channel retail knowledge, supervisory skills and to work effectively .

Relationship Between Political Authority And Moral Autonomy Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Political Authority And Moral Autonomy Philosophy Essay Every person who possesses both free will and reason has an obligation to take responsibility for her actions. This obligation is not compatible with the recognition of political obligation Discuss this statement with particular reference to the anarchist literature on the obligation to obey the law. Introduction In this essay, I am going to contemplate a fundamental jurisdictional problem of political philosophy, the relationship between political authority and moral autonomy. Value will be given to the concept of political obligation imposed by the state to all individuals. I will then seek to present a number of the most influential theories of anarchist philosophers, that come to invalidate political obligation with respect to the notion of autonomy that each individual possesses. Dealing with the unravelling of todays society, I will eventually defend that the compatibility of individual autonomy with political obligation in a state, is not a futile demand, but rather a reality. The Concept of Political Obligation Throughout the years, the matter of political obligation has been at the at the very heart of political philosophy. One should acknowledge that to have a political obligation is to have a moral duty to obey the laws of ones country or state  [1]  . The basic function of law is to ensure that all humans beings are being treated equally and to protect individuals from injustices of our everyday lives. In approaching this issue, it can be argued that law gives a sense of order and decency among people. According to the author Smith, prima facie obligation to obey the law is owed, not to ones government but rather to ones fellow citizens  [2]  . According to Milne, the central idea of obligation is that of having to do something because it is the right thing to do  [3]  . It can be argued that all individuals of a community must therefore be obliged to respect and obey specific laws in order to maintain and promote the public interest. Law has had a very significant meaning for the dignified passage of man from this life. However it seemed that law at some point prevailed over human beings and did not favor individuals rights. The individuals obligation to obey the law was therefore questioned. Individuals illustrated the main rationale behind political obligation, which was the authority of the government. The problem of political obligation therefore indicated the question as to why citizens of modern states should accept the states claim to be a duty imposer  [4]  . Fundamental topics of political obligation, such as its existence, scope and justification became crucial matters on the debate of political philosophy. position of power is established inequality is automatically created, Inequalities caused by society). Authority is  inherent  with human relationships.  Between the one who  exercises authority and the one  who is affected by it, there is a relationship of inequality. The concept of political obligation was first reversed by anarchists. The complex nature of political obligation concerned anarchists in the ground that when imposed by the state, it came in contrast with individual freedom and autonomy. Political obligation is defined as the clash between the individuals claim to self-governance and the right of the state to claim obedience  [5]  . Anarchism, is the only modern social doctrine that unequivocally rejects the concept of the state with its omnipresent evils of political power and authority  [6]  . Anarchist theory which was opposed to the respect of law, was largely reinforced by opinions by several anarchist philosophers. Anarchist literature acquired fans and along with the creation of many groups they reached to the point to threaten  the  existing political  situation. Anarchist literature on political obligation The examination and analysis of the anarchist literature, is an essential component for the understanding of anarchist views regarding the nature of personal autonomy and its conflict with political obligation. Initially, we must examine what it is meant by anarchism. Anarchy,  is the  state  of affairs  in  which  a society  operates without  authority and mediators. Anarchism supports a situation   in which   everyone  has the first word  on every aspect  of everyday   life,   without  imposed restrictions  and  laws  by  the  state, without hierarchical relations and  exploitation. Anarchist philosophers use the concept of autonomy to argue for the legitimacy of obedience to authority, and emphasize on the individual s right of making up his own mind based on the ideal of moral autonomy  [7]  . Authority is a political problem in relation to anarchism, which is why anarchism requires the  abolition  of the state. Anarchism  does not mean   unlimited   freedom   nor   denied  responsibility. As Kropotkin argued,  socialism, must become less dependent upon indirect government through elected representatives, it must become more  self-governing  [8]  . Kropotkin justified his own theory on anarchism. According to his point of view, anarchy  is  the  name given  to a theory  of life  and  conduct  under which society functions without  government  [9]  . In such a society, the  harmony succeeds   not   through obedience  to  the  law,  but  with free agreements concluded  between  various  groups  [10]  . Humans could achieve  the full  development of all  skills,  intellectual,  artistic  and moral  without being  hindered by  the  overtime  in favor of  the monopolists  by or  the  servility  and inactivity  of  mind  of the  vast majority  [11]  .   Anarchism is considered the only political doctrine consistent with the virtue of autonomy  [12]  . The significant philosopher Paul Wolff in his book In Defense of Anarchism, concludes that the moral autonomy of the individual will never be compatible with the legitimate authority of the state. He argues that a citizen cannot retain his autonomy and at the same time be under an obligation to obey the commands of the state simply because they are the commands of the state  [13]  . He indicated how a citizen is related to the commands of authority by expressing that the autonomous man is not subject to the will of another and he may do what another tells him, but not because he has been told to do it, because for the autonomous man, there is no such thing as a command and therefore he is politically free  [14]  . Anarchists disapprove authority of the state because they support that no one within a society should be under rules. Wolff supports that authority is defined to be the right to command and correlatively, the right to be obeyed  [15]  . He considers on that basis that the defining mark of the state is authority, the right to rule, while the primary obligation of man is autonomy, the refusal to be ruled  [16]  . Illustrating the incompatibility of the concept of authority with the rationale of autonomy, was similarly expressed by the political philosopher Raz, who pointed out that authority sometimes requires action against ones own judgment and consequently it requires abandoning ones moral autonomy and since all practical questions may involve moral considerations, all practical authority denies moral autonomy and is consequently immoral  [17]  . The well-known Russian revolutionary Bakunin, supported that the principle of authority that is applied to men who have attained their majority, becomes a monstrosity, a flagrant denial of humanity, a source of slavery and intellectual and moral depravity  [18]  . He consequently concluded to the consideration that the only grand and omnipotent authority, at once natural and rational, the only one which we may respect, will be that of the collective and public spirit of a society founded on equality and solidarity and the mutual human respect of all its members  [19]  . Accordingly, Bakunin elucidated possible future developments by arguing that the future social organization must be made solely from the bottom upwards, by the free association or federation of workers, firstly in their unions, then in communes, regions, nations and finally in a great federation, international and universal  Ã‚  [20]  . The dominant model of autonomy can be argued to be the exact opposite of authority. As a political ideal, autonomy is used as a basis to argue against the design and functioning of political institutions that attempt to impose a set of ends, values and attitudes upon the citizens of a society  [21]  . Kant described the protection of autonomy at the political level and stated that each person had the right to any action that can coexist with the freedom of every other person in accordance with universal law  [22]  . For that reason, he stated that instead of being obedient to an externally imposed law, one should be obedient to ones own self-imposed law, adding that the autonomous man is not subject to the will of another  [23]  . On that basis, Rawls expressed that the concept of Kantian constructivism was to establish a connection  between  the first  principles of  justice and   the   conception  of moral  persons  as  free and  equal. With the ai m of describing the rejection of political institutions by autonomy, it is significant to present McLaughlins view which states that anarchists reject the traditional claims made for the legitimacy of state authority and challenge those authoritative powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation  [24]  . As an aspect, autonomy is generally intertwined with the right to pursue ones interests without undue restriction  [25]  . It is crucial to affirm that Proudhon achieved one  of the most   important   contributions  in anarchist  theory  and socialism  in general. He declared  the  idea,  that the great complexity  of social  life, required decentralization and  autonomy of  communities  [26]  .  The basic outline of the argument, is that through  the complexity of  the  interests  and advancement  of  ideas, society is   forced   to  renounce  the  state, by  devaluing  the  mechanism  of the government under the  shade  of  its  political  institutions  [27]  . Proudhon  argued that society slowly   and silently formed  its own  organization,  building  for  itself  a new order  which reflects   the vitality   and   autonomy  Ã‚  [28]  . It is prima facie impermissible to interfere with an individuals right of autonomy where the individual is respectful of that right in others  [29]  . Autonomy,  found  a constructive expression in Mills writings. The philosopher defends the rights of individuals to pursue their own personal goals, and emphasizes the need for being ones own person  [30]  . According to Mill, the conduct of anyone in the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute and over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign  [31]  . Every individual who possesses free will, has self-control and at the same time rejects any need of control by authority. Having no people to control, authority faces(antimetopizi) autonomy as the central threat to its existence. Following  a  middle path  compatibility will arrive In defending my position, I consider that authority and its entailed duty to obey, can be compatible with and basically necessary to individual autonomy. In a modern democracy, obligation to obey the law must be exercised to benefit society. By obeying laws, which constitute the basis of the democracy, we ensure a stable regime of democracy, which has been revealed to be the most ideal throughout the centuries. The functioning of constitutional institutions and processes of political democracy provides opportunities, wider organizational  framework and   ideological debate. In order for democracy to be maintained, law must exist. In view of that John Locke provided the idea that every man, that hath any possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, doth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such enjoyment, as anyone under it  [32]  . In defending obligation to obey the law, we have a duty to support and to comply with just institutions that exist and apply to us  [33]  . It is a necessity therefore for the individuals to understand that all rules require a positive effort to comply, which cannot be achieved passively  [34]  . As Philip Soper demonstrated, we have a duty to respect those officials who in good faith strive to further the common good by maintaining the rule of law, by acknowledging a duty to obey the law  [35]  . Everyone would agree, that in order to refrain from murder, rape, or breach of contract, there is a prima facie obligation to obey specific laws in order not to violate laws which prohibit these acts. Accordingly, the philosopher Baier held the view that a universal obedience to certain rules that override self-interest, would produce a state of affairs which serves everyones interest much better than the unaided pursuit off it in a state where everybody does the same  [36]  . The state, gives the ordinary citizen freedom to express his opinion in the political process. According to my estimation, obligations of people before the law, do not bound them as to the extent of not being able to have their own judgment or opinion. The authority of the state, can affect the lives of citizens, but citizens can influence policy as well. The existing political system and legislation allows people to apply their judgment through their right to vote. The ordinary citizen cannot suggest any law, but the system of democracy allows him to express his opinion, by giving him the right to vote his representatives who will suggest laws to be voted. Furthermore, in some constitutions the public opinion applies. The courts in the United kingdom have the interpretation of legislation and meander more regularly according to the public opinion, instead of legislation. This justifies that constant efforts are being made by the state, for the fair administration of human situations , in order for the state not to violate the citizens human rights. Nonetheless, several laws that are suggested, favor a certain group of people while others are left aside. The only solution for those whose rights are being violated, is the mobilization  and  massive reaction towards everything that is not  good for us, namely an anarchist reaction. Anarchism is the public opinion that has affected the political system, and it is necessary in order to balance autonomy with the obligation to obey the law. Anarchists display the view, that autonomous persons are in a kind of authoritative control of their own choices, actions and goals and that guarantees that a persons life is free of the domination of others  [37]  , This is regarded to be an extreme view, but this does not mean we must become extremists, because it would then mean non compliant to social norms and therefore law. What I would suggest, is that where we feel that regulations treat us wrong and limit our autonomy, it is there where we should at least show an anarchist reaction. It is only there, that we are obliged to be anarchists and not in all aspects of our lives and on everything that might be imposed upon us. It is worth establishing that I am not canceling all laws, but anarchists have opened our eyes by indicating us that we should not have blind obedie nce to law. As Harris stated, those for whom the law has come weight in their moral decision-making, are entitled to question the need for the law, just as they are entitled to question any other rule that has moral import for their decisions on how to act  [38]  . Hence, those responsible for the law have an obligation to take these views into account in a dispassionate and reasoned way, for that is a requirement of the moral point of view under reasoned discourse  [39]  . Whatever does not benefit us as human beings we must try and overturn it towards the best. In view of the fact that although anarchists thoughts on autonomy are accurate, anarchism by itself is neither possible nor desirable in a political system. The principle of autonomy in terms of defending individual choices and decisions, promotes human individuality and it could be criticized that it overlooks the importance of social relationships and dependency. Individuals need to depend on each other in order to succeed in the path of life. It would be detrimental for  constant revolutionizing to exist because people need stability in their lives. No anarchism  regime has survived  in  practice and this situation justifies the fact that the value of autonomy can be seen as compatible with the social need. On that basis, law should be desirable because it works as a mediator to the maintenance of good human relationships and will provide the stability in peoples lives. The reasoning of the great philosopher Hobbes is to be welcomed, because it demonstrates that individual s without government, would be tremendously unlikely to live in security and peaceful cooperation, by identifying that we would violently compete to secure the basic necessities of life, we would fight out of fear so as to ensure our personal safety, and we would seek glory for its protective effects  [40]  . Law will protect the weak from the powerful one. For that reason, law is required to provide legislation, that is accepted and obeyed by all individuals as a means that protects their rights and does not restrict their autonomy. Finally, free will and responsibility  must  be applicable  within  a  more temperate policy system. Analyzing the concept of political obligation and anarchists views on autonomy, we can assume that they encompass outcomes that are both good and bad. Even so, what both represent, are absolute and radical views and those kind of views cannot and must not prevail. We are free and sentient beings, who should realize that government was created because human needed it and therefore it would be intolerable from us to use anarchism as a means of breaking down the system. What I would suggest, is to successfully arrange some form of government. This will be achieved if we uphold the moderate views and combine them, and only then will we be able to reach a desirable result, that will satisfy everyone. In order to accomplish that, law must give importance to autonomy and its fundamental role it plays in our understanding of the world, and in the way we structure and organize societ y  [41]  . In addition, individuals that are affected by law, must positively accept and apply it in their everyday lives. It is significant to establish that politics are considered to be the science and art of alternative solutions. As a result, government must be able to reconcile the authority of the state with the autonomy of the individual, in order to manage uncertainties and risks to society. It was realized by Hobbes, that our attention must not be focused on the question of social and political order, but rather on how to maximize liberty, how to define social justice, how to draw the limits of government power, and how to realize democratic ideals  [42]  . The state must release innovative social forces, increase social wealth, choices and opportunities and minimize the fear and insecurity generated by the scientific and technological revolution, globalization, integration and expansion of markets and the personalization process in todays society. Following Rawls thought, the intuitive idea is to design the social system so that the outcome is just whatever it happens to be, at least so lo ng as it is within a certain range  [43]  . Government needs to convent this problem into an opportunity. Authority is a form of domination, it is a dominative power, that involves the capacity of one party to exercise control over another party  [44]  . I and I alone, am ultimately responsible for the decisions I make, and am in that sense autonomous  [45]  . Acting autonomously is acting from principles that we would consent to as free and equal rational beings  [46]  . generally intertwined with the right to pursue ones interests without undue restriction Primary question Conclusion As has been shown, several legal philosophical issues arising from the concept of political obligation and the value of autonomy, have been analyzed and embodied in this essay. Extensive investigation of political and anarchist literature helped us root out whether a harmonic relationship between individuals moral autonomy and the political obligation to obey the law can be established. Carole Pateman and John Simmons have argued that political obligation is an unsolved problem for liberal theory  [47]  . Nevertheless, this essay depicts that moral autonomy and political obligation can and should coexist. Autonomy should be conscientiously guarded, with both knowledge and awareness of its usefulness to the humanity. It is justified that, This situation can constitute an attitude that over time, if not reversed, will take such dimensions, that will theory that is based on the idea that individual autonomy is a fundamental political value picture of the world

Sleep :: essays research papers

The article I chose is called â€Å"Reinventing yourself† and it talks about research on memory. According to the author â€Å"who you are is limited only by your imagination†. What does it mean? That’s what I will try to explain on the following couple pages. As I understood this article, it’s talking about how our imagination influences the memory. It starts with the examples from people’s lives. Bill Clinton told American people that he never served for Vietnam, and the reasons he gave appeared to be totally different from the reasons that came up after a research. Or, Gary Trudeau, cartoonist, that was telling people the same story for about 20 years about the way he avoided army, saying that he was a student and â€Å"his three-year student deferment had run out, which meant his call-up was imminent†. In fact, what appeared after a research, his dad was a doctor, and he didn’t serve in Vietnam because of his health condition. This is a good example of how our present life develops our imagination that adds to the memory and makes it different from a reality. But this is the way our imagination reflects and connects our past, present and future. And sometimes we start to think about what do we need a memory for. And the answer is â€Å"to learn from our experiences without having to repeat them endlessly†. That’s why very few moments in our life can repeat exactly. And when we share the personal histories, it helps to keep the relationships going, but, as a matter of fact, what really happened is not that dramatic and critical as the way we talk about it afterwards. Let’s imagine talking about memories from childhood, and suddenly somebody interrupts us and says that it couldn’t happened and you are wrong. What are you going to do? How are you going to prove it? And what the statistics show now is that many people instead of trying to find a proof such as pictures, tapes, videos will prefer just to imagine what could happen and how would it feel if this could happen now. Psychologist Helen Hembrook discovered this. In 1996 psychologists made a research by giving the example of the same events to the same people twice that could happen to them in their childhood, and it appeared that many of them gave different answers twice and, besides this, some of them just imagined that it could happened to them and this made them to really believe that it happened. Sleep :: essays research papers The article I chose is called â€Å"Reinventing yourself† and it talks about research on memory. According to the author â€Å"who you are is limited only by your imagination†. What does it mean? That’s what I will try to explain on the following couple pages. As I understood this article, it’s talking about how our imagination influences the memory. It starts with the examples from people’s lives. Bill Clinton told American people that he never served for Vietnam, and the reasons he gave appeared to be totally different from the reasons that came up after a research. Or, Gary Trudeau, cartoonist, that was telling people the same story for about 20 years about the way he avoided army, saying that he was a student and â€Å"his three-year student deferment had run out, which meant his call-up was imminent†. In fact, what appeared after a research, his dad was a doctor, and he didn’t serve in Vietnam because of his health condition. This is a good example of how our present life develops our imagination that adds to the memory and makes it different from a reality. But this is the way our imagination reflects and connects our past, present and future. And sometimes we start to think about what do we need a memory for. And the answer is â€Å"to learn from our experiences without having to repeat them endlessly†. That’s why very few moments in our life can repeat exactly. And when we share the personal histories, it helps to keep the relationships going, but, as a matter of fact, what really happened is not that dramatic and critical as the way we talk about it afterwards. Let’s imagine talking about memories from childhood, and suddenly somebody interrupts us and says that it couldn’t happened and you are wrong. What are you going to do? How are you going to prove it? And what the statistics show now is that many people instead of trying to find a proof such as pictures, tapes, videos will prefer just to imagine what could happen and how would it feel if this could happen now. Psychologist Helen Hembrook discovered this. In 1996 psychologists made a research by giving the example of the same events to the same people twice that could happen to them in their childhood, and it appeared that many of them gave different answers twice and, besides this, some of them just imagined that it could happened to them and this made them to really believe that it happened.

Absorbance and Spectrophotometry

Experiment 2: Absorbance and Spectrophotometry ABSTRACT: This was an investigation into the effects of different wavelengths of light on methylene blue and carmine red on the absorbance value on a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is used to measure light intensity by emitting a single light source through a cuvette of coloured solution. The particles in the solution, which are coloured, absorb the light depending on how concentrated it is and this produces an electronic reading from the photometer which is the absorbance value.The maximum absorption was found for both solutions and was used to calculate the molar extinction coefficient of methylene blue. An unknown concentration of methylene blue was calculated by using graphs produced in the dilution experiments prior. The results produced supported Beer’s Law because the absorbance was directly proportional to the concentration, and so, we can be assured that the concentration of the unknown methylene blue solution cal culated is relatively accurate. INTRODUCTION: A spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance of light by coloured solutions.The absorbance value is produced by a photometer that compares the light detected with a blank cuvette (a cuvette containing just water/clear colourless solvent, which should be 0), with the amount of light detected with a test solution – in this case, methylene blue or carmine red. Using Beer’s Law, we know that the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration, therefore, knowing the absorbance of a solution can be very useful as the concentration of the solution can be find by substituting known values into the equation: Absorbance = k c t Where: k = constant c = concentration of absorbing molecules = thickness of absorbing layer The aims of this experiment were to use solutions methylene blue and carmine red to confirm that Beer’s Law is true by finding the maximum absorption value for each solution, and then using thi s, find the absorption of methylene blue solution at various dilutions. By plotting these results on a calibration curve (concentration against absorbance), this allows the experimenter to read the concentration at a particular absorbance directly, such as the unknown concentration of methylene blue. METHOD: A spectrophotometer was used throughout this experiment. RESULTS: After finding the absorption for 0. 005% methylene blue solution and 0. 0005% carmine red solution at different wavelengths of light, we plotted a graph to show our findings to make it easier to see what region of wavelength the maximum absorption would occur at. Please refer to figure 1. From this graph, we can see that the maximum absorption for methylene blue is around 650nm-675nm as the peak on the line for methylene is around these values; for carmine red, we can see that the maximum absorption for carmine red is 500-550nm. To obtain a more accurate wavelength value, I placed more cuvettes of methylene blue a nd carmine red around their regions of maximum absorption.After finding the absorption values around each region, I plotted the findings of each solution on separate graphs to show the maximum absorption value. Figure 2 shows that the maximum absorption of methylene blue is 665nm because this has the peak absorption of 0. 965. However, this is not as accurate a value as it could be because the spectrophotometer did not go to more accuracy than 5nm. From Figure 3, we can see that the maximum absorption of carmine red is 0. 207 at wavelength 520nm as this is the peak on the graph. |Maximum Absorption at 0. 0005% | Methylene Blue |Carmine Red | |0. 965 |0. 207 | After we found the maximum absorption for methylene blue, 0. 965, at 665nm, we made up various dilutions of methylene blue and put each solution through the spectrophotometer at wavelength 665nm to find the molar extinction coefficient. I plotted these results on a graph (figure 6) and did the line of best fit through the point s to find the gradient, which is the molar extinction coefficient. Figure 4. Graph showing dilutions of methylene blue and the absorptions each solution givesThe black line on figure 4 represents the regression line. We can use this to find the concentration of the unknown concentration of methylene blue solution by drawing a tangent to the regression line at absorbance 0. 262 (where the unknown absorbed) and reading down from that point on the graph to the concentration. The concentration of the unknown methylene blue is 4. 4 x 10-6 mol dm-3. We can find the molar extinction coefficient by substituting values of absorbance and the concentration of the unknown concentration of methylene blue into Beer’s laws equation.Absorbance = k c t k = absorbance / c t k = 0. 262 / 4. 4 x 10-6 x 1 k = 59545 mol dm-3 cm-3 Therefore, k, the molar extinction coefficient is 59545 mol dm-3 cm-3. DISCUSSION: The main objectives of this experiment was to find the unknown concentration of methyle ne blue by using a spectrophotometer. I found the maximum absorption for methylene blue and carmine red (please refer to figure 1) and using this I determined a more accurate maximum absorption value for each solution by taking further readings around the peak of each line to determine the maximum.However, the findings of maximum absorption for methylene blue and carmine red may not be as accurate as we think because there are extraneous variables that we can not necessarily control. One is that the outside of the cuvette may have been dirty (however, this was controlled to an extent as I wiped each side down of the cuvette with a paper towel before placing it in the spectrophotometer); another variable is that the dial on the spectrophotometer only measured in wavelength intervals of 5nm, and so, we could not get more accurate readings than the ones we concluded with.From figure 1, we can also see that high (maximum) absorptions for carmine red occurs at around 475nm-550nm. This is because the light absorbs most light at this wavelength, and therefore, reflects light at approximately 675nm-725nm which are the wavelengths of the colour red, so we see red solution. The same can be applied to methylene blue solution because we can see from figure 1 that high absorptions for methylene blue occurs around 600nm-675nm – the light absorbs most colours at this wavelength and reflects light at approximately 400nm-450nm which are the wavelengths of the colour blue, so we see blue solution.We could use the maximum absorption of methylene blue found to make dilutions of methylene blue with water to plot a graph proving that Beers Law is true – that the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration. This is confirmed by the graph produced as the line of best fit is accurate and goes through the origin. APPENDIX: Finding the maximum absorbance: |Wavelength/nm |Absorption | | |Methylene Blue |Carmine Red | |350 |0. 33 |0. 156 | |375 |0. 015 |0. 018 | |400 |0. 015 |0. 046 | |425 |0. 018 |0. 048 | |450 |0. 006 |0. 127 | |475 |0. 029 |0. 093 | |500 |0. 041 |0. 65 | |525 |0. 040 |0. 186 | |550 |0. 077 |0. 144 | |575 |0. 186 |0. 068 | |600 |0. 476 |0. 039 | |625 |0. 622 |0. 028 | |650 |0. 800 |0. 005 | |675 |0. 95 |0. 013 | |700 |0. 102 |0. 004 | More accurate values of methylene blue: More accurate values of carmine red: |Methylene Blue | |Wavelength/nm |Absorption | | 630 |0. 623 | |640 |0. 679 | |655 |0. 885 | |660 |0. 929 | 665 |0. 965 | |670 |0. 913 | |Carmine Red | |Wavelength/nm |Absorption | |510 |0. 205 | |515 |0. 204 | |520 |0. 207 | |530 |0. 191 | |540 |0. 169 | Table below shows the dilutions and the absorbance values of methylene blue at 665nm: Tube |Water : Methylene Blue (ml) |Absorption |Concentration of methylene blue in | | | | |water/mol dm-3 | |1 |4:1 |0. 171 |3. 13 x 10-6 | |2 |3:2 |0. 376 |6. 26 x 10-6 | |3 |2:3 |0. 595 |9. 9 x 10-6 | |4 |1:4 |0. 762 |12. 51 x 10-6 | |5 |0:5 |0. 963 |15. 64 x 10-6 | |Blank |5:0 |0. 000 |0 | Unknown solution absorbance: 0. 262 Formula mass of methylene blue: 319. 6 Working out concentration of methylene blue from %: 1. 0. 0001% methylene blue so, 100/0. 001 = 1000000 so, 1/1000000 = 1 x 10-6 g cm-3 so, conc. = 1 x 10-6 g cm-3 / 319. 6 g mol-1 = 3. 13 x 10-6 mol dm-3 2. (3. 13 x 10-6) x 2 = 6. 26 x 10-6 mol dm-3 3. (3. 13 x 10-6) x 3 = 9. 39 x 10-6 mol dm-3 4. (3. 13 x 10-6) x 4 = 12. 51 x 10-6 mol dm-3 5. (3. 13 x 10-6) x 5 = 15. 64 x 10-6 mol dm-3 ———————– Figure 1. Methylene blue and carmine red’s absorption at regular intervals of wavelengths Figure 2. More accurate wavelengths to find the max. absorption for methylene blue Figure 3. More accurate wavelengths to find the max. absorption for carmine red

Eating Insects Essay

Introduction: Insects have been here long before human civilization, foraging the world and utilizing its nutrients. In a sense then, every human being ever has been forced to interact with insects, so then why has this â€Å"household† item not been utilized as a food source for humans? Well, that’s not entirely true. Entomophagy, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is the practice of eating insects. Using insects as a food source isn’t as uncommon as one may think, the practice of Enotmophagy has been performed for centuries, dating back to Indian tribes and Australian aborginals. Insects greatly outnumber humans and are found in nearly every possible location in the world, so their presence in and around human food isn’t unbelievable. While this practice is becoming more popular around the world, consumers in the U. S. are still skeptical of the idea Whether its eating them â€Å"a la mode†, or eating them without knowing, insects are increasingly prevalent in food consumed by humans. Main Body: Insect consumption seems a little farfetched, yet there are several reasons that this idea may not be crazy. Meat is considered to be one of the best sources of protein in diets, however, certain insects provide amounts of protein comparable to that of meat; thus making insect consumption a much cheaper alternative to meat in developing countries. Take, for example, 100 grams of dried caterpillar, providing fifty-three grams of protein, seventeen percent carbohydrates, and a whopping fifteen percent fat. In fact, they are believed to have a higher proportional fat and protein value than that of beef and fish. Also, most edible insects are proven to be much cleaner than fish. For example, According to Pulitzer prize winner, Dr. E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, there are an estimated ten quintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000) insects in the world, or about one hundred and fifty million insects per one human being. Insects are in no way, shape, or form, a product of scarcity; insects are found nearly everywhere, thus proving to be another reason for insects to be used for food consumption. Due to the fact that insects provide incredible amounts of nutritional value and an incredible population, they are proving to be means of income for people in developing countries. Specifically, Sudan and Nigeria trade and utilize insects as a source of income, exporting three to five tons annually to countries such as Belgium and France. This means of earning income for Sudans and Nigerians produces $41,500 annually. Insects being utilized for their nutritional value and high concentration, proves to show how incredibly useful insects are to humans, surprisingly as a food source. Many countries all over the world are taking advantage of insects as a food source. In Africa, several groups use Orthoptera as a means of food. They gather locusts early in the day, before they are active; they then boil them before group members clean and salt them. Noting goes to waste, they even use the legs by grinding them up and mixing them with peanut butter and salt. Also, performed in areas of Africa and Australia, termites are being utilized for their high protein and fat value. The big queen castes of termites, reaching three inches in lenghth, is most sought out due to its incredibly high nutritional value. They are often lightly fried and sold in markets to be eaten by hand, thought to be a snack food. However, termites can also be used as a colorless oil used when frying food.

Business Coursework

Business Coursework Business Coursework Any student attending business courses has to write a business courseworkat some point in their academic career. Actually, business coursework may weight up to 50% of your final grade. Thus, students should be very responsible with regards business coursework writing. You cannot handle such a project overnight, as you have to devote enough time to writing, organizing ideas, researching thoughts of others, and editing your final draft of business coursework. Business is complex study and it includes a lot of themes for discussion. Any them can be interpreted into the topic anyhow related to it, so while choosing the topic you should be sure that you are keen on it and, very important, that you can add something new into the current knowledge on the topic. It is of primary importance to use the most relevant, updated resources for your business coursework writing: Moreover, you should rely on journal and magazine articles, books, and governmental sites only to support your statements. Wikipedia, personal blogs, or forum postings are not treated as reliable sources of information and it will not help you get a good grade. Business coursework should: have a good topic for discussion. It must not be too narrow as well as not too wide, because in the first case you will have to search for the needed material and maybe to pay for the information; while in the second case you will not include all the information into one business coursework.There is a danger of the treading water. Thus, be wise with the choice of sources. be planned in advance. It is not easy to conduct thorough research. You will have to collect material, search for the questions, write an outline and format your paper and many other things to do. If you do not think over the sequence of ideas, the chaos will be the defining feature of your business coursework.Start working. be written according to the required structure. You have heard a lot of times that any written assignment should be done in the following structure: introduction, body parts and conclusion, - but you do not know that introduction should contain the thesis statement, the body parts should have as many paragraphs as many thoughts you want to develop in thebusiness coursework, the conclusion should be written according to the introduction and include your own solutions to the problem. So structure properly. You may avoid all of these painful aspects of business coursework writing process if you rely on professionalism of our writers! We can definitely deliver a well-written coursework on time. Satisfaction with quality guaranteed! Interesting posts: Cause and Effect Essay Argumentative Essay Topics English Essay Writing Thesis Writing Thesis Topics

Germany Economy in the Modern Days

Germany Economy in the Modern Days Introduction Germany practices an open economy based on a strong economic base which amounts for a third of the gross domestic product (GDP). German economy is influenced by competitions in the global market especially in international mobile and capital technology. It practices capitalism and free market in order to enhance their competitiveness in the global economic arena. The government only exercises regulation and subsidizes sectors like coal mining and agriculture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Germany Economy in the Modern Days specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Macro-Economic Picture of Germany In the European Union bloc, Germany has the largest population. In the year 2009, the population of Germany was estimated to be 81.8 million. Its prosperous economy attracts a lot of immigrants from all corners of the world. In terms of nominal GDP, Germany ranks 4th while in terms of purchasing power, it ran ks 5th in the world. Germany is considered a technological and scientific development hub. It is a global dominant actor in the industrial production of machinery, chemicals, vehicles and other household implements. Despite the global recession, German economy was considered one of the stable economies in the world. Figure 1 below indicates how German economy performed during the global financial crisis period from 2007 to 2009. Figure 1 (Economy Watch 1) German’s GDP is one of the strongest in the world. In 2009, its per capita GDP was $34,200, down from $35,500 in 2008. During this period, the rate of unemployment grew from 7.8% in 2008 to 8.2% in 2009. This is largely linked to slow industrial growth to less import productivity (Economy Watch 1). This is indicated in figure 2 below. Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 2 (Economy Watch 1) The current unemployment rate in Germany stands at 7.5%. The following is the current contribution of various sectors to the economy in the year 2010. Major Economic Contributors Agriculture contributes approximately 0.9 percent of the GDP. Among the agricultural products grown are corn, wheat, sugar, barley and hops. Industrial sector accounts for 26.8 percent of the economy. Products from the industrial sector include cars, chemicals, medical equipment, and aerospace equipment. In terms of trade, Germany exported goods worth $1.124 trillion. The major exports were chemicals, motor vehicles, steel, iron and electrical products. Their major markets are France, US and the Netherlands. German imports goods worth $937 billion. Their major imports are petroleum products, manufactured goods, apparel, and electrical products. Their major suppliers are Netherlands, China and France. Germany’s economy is export oriented and forms basis of micro-economic expansion and these exports amoun t to a third of the national income. Germany imports represent 12.56 percent of the economy while exports account for 14.099 percent of the GDP. Nature of German Economy Germany practices social protection where the state is a dominant actor in the economic realm. It does not have natural resources except coal, wood and minerals, hence most of their raw materials are imported (Siebert 19). Germany’s economy is a mix of government regulated and one of a free market. The government specifically regulates social and labor issues. Most of the companies operating in Germany are built around a technological knowledge. Private ownership plays a significant role in the ownership of various companies and hence owner-entrepreneur is the main driving force. There is growing unemployment in Germany. This is associated with wage formation, reservations of wages and weakening demand for labor.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Germany Economy in the Modern Days specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More German Economic Ranking Germany experience low birth rates, this implies that an aging population is inescapable and continues to be an economic challenge in future (Mueller 281). Germany ranks second globally in market and economic competitiveness after USA. This is largely due to ownership laws and its exemplary general law and order. In the 2011 global competitive index, Germany was ranked one step lower than the 2010 ranking in position six with an indicative score of 5.41. Global competitiveness is based on twelve pillars, these pillars are: infrastructure, institutions, macroeconomic environment, health and primary education, higher education and training, goods market and efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation (Klaus 57). The economic freedom score of Germany is 71.8 and it is ranked 23rd most free in the world. It has experienced increase in six out of the ten indicators of economic freedom. This ranking is higher when compared with the global average. Germany in the Global Economy Germany has withstood the challenges of the global environment to emerge as one of the most powerful and dynamic economy. It has strong business and investment freedom which is supported by openness to global commerce, excellently protected property rights and favorable business regulatory environment. Germany also treats foreign and local investors equally (Heritage foundation 1). Germany is a deeply divided country in terms of income. There is an increase in the rate of poverty. Majority of the population live in less than 60 percent of the median household income. Children are the most hit by poverty. It is evident from the OECD records which show that the rate of poverty in Germany is growing at an exponential rate than any other OECD country. In order to eliminate poverty, the government has proposed an elimination of part-time employment and temporary jobs and instead it has promoted the revision of wage structure and full time employment. Women and the minorities are relegated in economic activities in Germany.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ranking of nations is necessary in order to enhance global competitiveness. It enables some countries to utilize their opportunities outside the nation by using its strengths. Germany, with one of the strongest economies in the world exerts a lot of influence in the global economy. Germany plays a fundamental role in arranging the global monetary system. Germany is a major contributor to the European Union hence its solvency problems pose a threat to the refinancing of the EU; it has therefore the responsibility to push for the implementation of sound fiscal policies within the Euro zone (Weidmann 2). Conclusion Germany economy is growing at an exponential rate. The economy is primarily driven by domestic market which comprise of capital formation in machinery, equipment and consumption expenditure. Germany has also experienced growth in exports and imports but the share of export and import contributes less than the domestic market. The government in Germany, unlike in some other c ountries, play limited role in the economy, only particularly that of regulation and subsidizing some sectors. Women and minority groups are sidelined in playing a role in the economy. According to the OECD standards, a significant percentage of the population of Germany fall in the poverty level and it is considered the highest poverty level in the OECD bloc. Being a major contributor to the European Union, Germany is an actor in the global economy. Economy Watch. Germany Economy. Economy Watch, 2011. Web. Heritage Foundation. 2011 index of economic freedom. Heritage Foundation, 2011. Web. Klaus, Schwab. The Global competitiveness report 2011–2012. We Forum, 2011. Web. Mueller, Anthony. â€Å"The German Economy: Europe’s faltering Giant†. The Independent Review 12.2 (2007), 279–283. Siebert, Horst. The German economy: beyond the social market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print. Weidmann, Jens. Germany’s role in the global eco nomy. BIS, 2011. Web.

Challenges of Recruitment Processes Samples

Google, an American company with multinational presence and specializing in products and services relating to the internet, was founded by the duo of Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. It is one of the most desired workplaces in the world, and that has been magnified by the production of a recruitment video that seeks to provide prospective applicants with a sneak peek into what it entails to work for the organization. One of the key messages from the video about google as an employer is, life at the organization is about more than just work. For example, there are recreational facilities for employees. The fact is, it is not just about productivity, but also, the experience is meant to be pleasant. The other key message is, ‘things happen,' implying that there is fast decision making with regard to whether projects will be approved or not. One of the interviewed engineers stated that ideas are approved at a faster rate i.e. on the order of weeks, months or less in comparison to the institutions that they worked for earlier. Also, there are certain qualities that are rooted for by the company when recruiting. They encompass the following: individuals with ambitious ideas, fast responses to requests, big achievers, passionate about projects, high energy levels, a good understanding of the product base and commitment to clients (Google Inc, 2006). Hence, employees are surrounded by bright and enthusiastic colleagues, working on interesting problems and products that impact a lot of lives e.g. Gmail (Google Inc, 2006). Again, they place huge importance on balancing work and life. To demonstrate, it has a child care center touted as one of Google’s most valuable programs. Further, expectant mothers are given time off before and after delivery. Additionally, they have 75% pay for all of the 12 weeks that mothers were expectant. Furthermore, they are afforded flexibility at work such as working fewer hours. According to Google’s engineering director featured in the video, Google’s culture, philosophy and personalities drawn from its founders. Organizational culture evident from the video is briefly outlined below. Google has a work environment that fosters flexibility, creativity, and innovation. Specifically, the organization has a 20% rule where engineers have 20% of their time to work on individual projects. Some of the projects highlighted in the video included the below mentioned. One, where an engineer created a rotating globe showing where on the globe Google users were searching from. Two, an added feature on google.com where when a user types in the name of a movie and the zip code, it will return to them a list of theatres around that area, with show time and reviews to that particular movie. Importantly, there is a free exchange of information through different setups. First, there is an impactful mentoring program where both incoming and resident employees are assigned official mentors and could also take up unofficial mentors. Therefore, there is an easy transition for new comers and those stepping up to new positions. Second, to stimulate the mind of its employers, the organization has educational talks called Ted talks in different topics such engineering and the latest theories about the origin of the universe (Google Inc, 2006). Again, the organization has a great startup spirit in that projects take a shorter period to launch. Lastly, it provides impactful products to the general public. The development of the theories began in 1920’s amidst the industrial revolution, during which productivity was at the core of businesses (Jerome, 2013). A particular theory that fits well with the Google recruitment video is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. The theory is built on the premise that the desire of many employees is to be included in an entity that supports their growth and development (Jerome, 2013). Thus, if special attention is a guarantee and there is an encouragement for participation, the view that their work is of significance motivates productivity and high-quality work. Concerning the theory, the video is effective in attracting the right candidates, for the reasons outlined below. The behavior of humans is related to needs. The video comes across as testament that the needs, as outlined by Maslow, will be met. First, ranked at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy, is psychological needs. It entails the basic needs that sustain human life. Such include food, shelter, clothing among others (Wahba&Bridwell, 1973). The video outlines the provision of all these at Google. Second, the security and safety needs which are connected to the psychological fear of job loss. Expectant mothers, for instance, are guaranteed of keeping their jobs. During the 12 months, they are afforded 75% of their salary and flexibility in terms of working hours (Google Inc, 2006). Third, the need according to the theory is the social need. The need posits that it is the desire of an employee is to be in a group and be accepted. This is made possible by Google by mentorship p rograms that facilitate regular interaction with superiors and other forms of activities that make interactions with other employees easier and possible. Ideally the video advocates for the creation of a sense of community. Fourth, the theory stipulates a self-esteem need that has much to do with recognition (Wahba&Bridwell, 1973). The importance of this fact has been duly emphasized in the video citing various activities that enhance self-esteem e.g. the 20% rule. Last, and the highest ranking need according to Maslow, is self-actualization. It entails the desire of an employee to become what they think they are capable of. Google provides for this through the 20% rule, enabling employees to utilize their maximum potential. Attracting the right kind of candidates for job openings is important to any organization in existence,so as to meet the organizational goals and values (Arachchige& Robertson, 2011). According to Maroko& Uncles (2008), there are certain characteristics that come into play when a potential employer is seeking to attract the right candidates for a job opening:attractiveness and accuracy. These are some of the factors that the video by Google looked to enhance by a brief documentation of its organizational culture. About attractiveness, the video demonstrates awareness of employee needs, differentiation in the market and relevance to a particular pool of enthusiasts.   Further, it accurately portrays accuracy regarding organizational culture, values, employee experience and the employer brand (Maroko& Uncles, 2008). A study by Williamson et al. (2010) emphasized the above claim on attractiveness stating that the amount of information given attributing the company and the different positions on offer has an interactive effect on potential applicants. Arachchige& Robertson (2011), provides other characteristics of an organization that fresh graduates look for. The most preferred attributes are: will gain experience that is relevant to career, promotes self-esteem, faster decision making, better relationships with colleagues and superiors, fun working environment among others. These are some of the â€Å"attraction† factors put across by the video. First,   finding a qualified employee in time has become more difficult.Uncontrollable circumstances may lead to someone being laid off, or alternatively, an employee might have left for another opportunity.In these situations, the position needs to be filled promptly (Meister, Willyerd& Foss, 2010). As such filling, the position becomes the next order of business. However, in as much as the market is full of applicants who would be interested in the position, there are challenges. A considerable amount of time is spent on sourcing suitable applicants and profile and CV reviews. Thus, there is a need to find ways of getting applicants of good quality into a recruiter’s short list fast. Second, ascertaining the legitimacy of a resume is an uphill task.Reason being, faking resumes has been a common occurrence in a recruiter’s bid to find a fit for a position. Included here are fake referrals, education, and certification (Mallory, 2014). Researching an employee’s resume to establish if every qualification is genuine is time consuming when working under a strict time frame. Third, settling for the right choice is a daunting task. A culmination of the above-mentioned factors that make the recruitment process challenging results in difficulties settling for the right candidate. A recruiter might have lots of talented candidates but with limited positions to accommodate at least the majority, chances are they might let extremely talented individuals leave. According to the survey by PWC and KPMG, the cost of a bad hire is estimated at double the salary he would have been paid to the individual. Last, as per the findings of a study carried out by Cappelli (2008), career decisions are no longer made by managers and executives as it was in the past where individuals were matched with jobs. As such, the most talented of individuals have the freedom to turn down offers if the offer that they expected does not come along. Similarly, there is a general talent problem that has since been burdensome to recruiters in companies of Google’s magnitude. They want the skills they need at the time of their choosing and in a manner that is desirable to them. Employees on the other hand desire the guarantee of advancement and an autonomous level of control n their careers (Cappelli, 2008). Arachchige, B. J., & Robertson, A. (2011). Business Student Perceptions of a Preferred Employer: A Study Identifying Determinants of Employer Branding. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 8(3). Cappelli, P. (2008). Talent management for the twenty-first century. Harvard business review, 86(3), 74. Google Inc. (2006). Google Recruitment Video. Google: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcXF1YirPrQ. Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employee’s performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), 39-45. Mallory, M. (2014). A Research Proposal: Negligent Hiring and Fraudulent Resumes. Meister, J. C., Willyerd, K., & Foss, E. (2010). The 2020 workplace: How innovative companies attract, develop, and keep tomorrow's employees today (p. 5). New York, NY: Harper Business. Moroko, L., & Uncles, M. D. (2008). Characteristics of successful employer brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(3), 160-175. Wahba, M. A., &Bridwell, L. G. (1973). MASLOW RECONSIDERED: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE NEED HIERARCHY THEORY. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1973, No. 1, pp. 514-520). Academy of Management. Williamson, I. O., King, J. E., Lepak, D., &Sarma, A. (2010). Firm reputation, recruitment web sites, and attracting applicants. Human Resource Management, 49(4), 669-687.

Teratogens from a biological perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teratogens from a biological perspective - Essay Example The probability of impairment is determined by several other factors which interact with the teratogens. As mentioned above, several factors influence the adverse effects of teratogens and the accompanied pathological process. These factors include timing which refers to the phase of development or pregnancy which the child is affected by the teratogen. Certain teratogens only have the possibility to cause harm to during certain periods of development, whereas others are constantly harmful throughout the pregnancy. An example of such teratogens is behavioral teratogens which harmful regardless of the period. In essence, the neurological system is susceptible to damage throughout pregnancy. The critical period is also a stage of timing which should be considered as this refers to the period when an organ or tissue is most susceptible to teratogen effect (Holmes et al., 2011). The next factor is exposure, which refers to the dosage or quantity of the teratogen that the fetus is exposed t during development. In addition, the frequency which this fetus is exposed also determines the results of damage. There is also the threshold effect which involves the dosage which a certain teratogen is harmless to a fetus until the threshold has been surpassed. Interactions are also essential in the effects of teratogens and some of them are only effective or more effective in the presence of other teratogens. Other risk factors may also have the same relation with teratogens. The third factor that affects the presentation of teratogens is genetic composition. There are certain genes that predispose an individual to teratogens hence he or she is likely to be affected by them. Examples of teratogens include diseases such as AIDS, HIV or Rubella; drugs which can be either medical or social and environmental toxin (Rathus & Longmuir, 2011). As mentioned above, teratogens have different effects some which

State-Federal Controversies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

State-Federal Controversies - Essay Example The American people do not want to be governed by a single authority just like the past Britain rule. To be regulated at the state level is appropriate. In a federalist set-up, the local governments are given more autonomy. Autonomy is very important to them especially in implementing their own rules. Being autonomous means that the local governments (which refer to the different states in America) do not depend on the national government in terms of budget. The states could implement their own taxing laws as a source of their budget and they could use their income without asking permission from the national government. Nevertheless, despite this freedom, the local governments are obliged to observe the American constitution. This means that they are free to make their own policies as long as it is in conformity with the letter and spirit of the constitution. The issue is important to consider since it talks about the type of government in America. It can enlighten the readers of the rationale behind the adoption of such governmental structure. I am grateful to the founders of the U.S. constitution for adopting federalism. Work Cited Bodenhamer, David. Federalism Checks the Power of the Central Government. America.gov Archive, 2 Jan. 2007. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. .

Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparison Paper - Essay Example However, what the two types of health and healthcare have in common, is an attention to the optimization of accessibility and equality, focusing on healthcare for all of the public, and all of the community, rather than just those who can afford it. In terms of the history of public and community health, public healthcare in the US started without any government involvement. It was basically run by religious organizations. Many hospitals maintain their religious roots today, in fact. After the Depression and the rise of social welfare, government support behind healthcare was increased and supported, and this created a support system. Then this social support system, a foundation of public health, was phased out more recently through the application of programs like managed care, Medicare and Medicaid being government, but with increasing business models and private involvement as well. Community healthcare today, based on this history, is often put in opposition to mainstream healthcare in America, because it focuses more on the client and less on the bottom line of profits. Public health, however, is often more mixed up with issues of managed care and government programs. â€Å"Grass roots initiatives contributed in part to the passage of Medicare, and they can work again. Ted Marmor says that â€Å"pressure groups that can prevail in quiet politics are far weaker in contexts of mass attention — as the AMA regretfully learned during the Medicare battle† (Dauner et al., 2005). Public healthcare today is a system that has drawbacks and advantages, depending on one’s perspective. Because it offers a wide variety of services in a cost-effective manner, many people support managed care as a balanced solution to healthcare which can potentially unite the agendas of community and public health. â€Å"Traditionally, health promotion and education efforts within the United States have

Does Alcohol dependancy lead to depression Essay

Does Alcohol dependancy lead to depression - Essay Example cancers, unintentional injuries, and violence.† (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup & Gerberding 2000) Professional health care practitioners are constantly vigilant on monitoring alcohol dependents, especially if it exists in conjunction with other illnesses, like depression. The negative effects that alcoholism causes cannot be undermined. This paper is written to present a review of literature on the topic: does alcohol dependency lead to depression? Given the research question, the purpose of the study is to explore four scholarly researches made on the topic identifying methodologies, findings and general consensus. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services define alcoholism, also known as â€Å"alcohol dependence,† as â€Å"a disease that includes four symptoms: craving: a strong need, or compulsion, to drink; loss of control: The inability to limit one’s drinking on any given occasion; physical dependence: Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, occur when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking; and tolerance: The need to drink greater amounts of alcohol in order to â€Å"get high.† (2001, 1) â€Å"The American Medical Association and the World Health Organization have both recognized addiction (including alcoholism) as an illness, not a lack of willpower†. (Dossey, Keegan, & Guzzetta, 2000, 514). Definitely, this is a fact that pervades people from all walks of life depending on diverse factors. According to Dossey, et.al. (2000), â€Å"although there are many types of addictions to various substances, alcohol addiction is the most prevalent in the United States, afflicting at least 11 million people†. (514) There are a multitude of scholarly researches written on alcoholism and diverse concerns related to it. Through secondary sources from books, journals and electronic references, appropriate materials would enable one to proffer a comprehensive and objective view of the topic. A study conducted by Dr. Achal

Nursing concept of burn out Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing concept of burn out - Research Paper Example In addition, such an individual will experience depersonalization (Cordes & Dourherty, 1993). In all occupations, including nursing, individuals experience stress mainly because of the work they do. When individuals experience stress at work, they become tired and their productivity level at work drops significantly. Therefore, burnout generally results in absenteeism, high employee turnover, decreased productivity of employees, as well as increase in physical conditions in employees, including headaches, insomnia, among others (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993). If employees experience stress in their work, the management, together with the employees themselves should look for appropriate ways of getting rid of any work-related stress they are experiencing. If this is not addressed and is left to continue for a long time, it results in burnout, which is more lethal. Burnout extends its effects from the individual to their families and jobs. Different studies show that burnouts are prevalent in helping professions such as social work and healthcare professions, including nursing (Elder, Evans, & Lizette, 2012). This paper will review considerable literature on the concept of burnout, and compare and contrast studies conducted on this concept in different years. This will culminate in a reflection on the concept of burning as presented in the studies, in order to provide a framework for enhanced understanding of burnout in nursing. According to Poncet et al. (2006), the concept of burnout has existed since the 1970s. Different studies have been conducted on this concept over the years, to understand it well for increased chances of dealing with the situation in affected organizations. In 1999, Jansenn, Jonge, and Bakker, conducted a study among different nurses in order to establish the various determinants of work motivation, burnout, and turnover among nurses. Poncet et al. conducted another study in 2006, and this sought to establish the degree of burnout in the nurs ing staff that was concerned with critical care. Finally, most recently in 2012, Spooner-Lane and Patton conducted a study in which they aimed at debunking the determinants of burnout among the nurses that worked in public hospitals. In their definition of the concept of burnout, Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) argued that burnout is not a symptom of work stress, but is what unmanaged work stress culminates into. They have used various definitions from different scholars to clarify more on the nature of burnout. Overall, from their definition, it remains that burnout is a result of extreme work-related stress. On the other hand, Poncet et al. (2006) have begun by highlighting a short history about the concept of burnout. They argue have defined the burnout syndrome a condition that results when employees fail to put up with the emotional stress they experience at their work place. They have alternatively defined burnout syndrome as the state in which an employee feels they have faile d, and are exhausted after they have used most of their energy in their job. Poncet et al (2006) have emphasized the detrimental effects of burnout syndrome on both the employee and the organization. Both Poncet et al. (2006) and Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have identified the epidemiological issues of burnout syndrome. Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have analyzed emotional exhaustion, while Poncet et al. (2006) have investigated headaches, exhaustion, insomnia, eating

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 Case Assignment Essay

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 Case Assignment - Essay Example Negative and positive reinforcement both are administered by type X managers and those with a transactional leadership style. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, is an extended form of the traditional transactional leadership approach. Transformational leadership is not only based on the conformity of the followers and/or subordinates but it also looks forward to shift the beliefs, the values and the needs of the followers. The attempt of transformational leaders is to become successful in raising colleagues, followers, subordinates and clients towards a much greater awareness of the consequences of the issues. This spreading of awareness requires a leader who is equipped with a vision, internal locus of control, confidence and the courage to put forward what he sees is right (Kuhnert and Lewis, 1987). TRANSACTIONAL LEADER – CHARLES DE GAULLE The main essence of transactional leadership dates back to the World War 1, where leaders gained relative importance and lea d the forces of war. French army in the event of the First World War and was amongst the few army generals who led successful armored counter attacks during the battle of France in 1940. What makes Charles De Gaulle a transactional leader? The famous French statesman Charles de Gaulle was a prominent example of the transactional leadership style. ... He also motivated his subordinates through keeping forward the rewards and punishment process. He was an Army man and so laid out a clear requirement plan in front of his subordinates and the corresponding rewards and it was very evident that in the event of a failure to satisfy those requirements, they will be eligible to receive the corresponding punishment. Was his leadership style appropriate? All these traits qualify Charles De Gaulle as a transactional leader. The approach he had was very suitable for the environment of that era. Politically as well, he had the right vision for that time. He has been very famous for his work in History and many politicians and leaders of today admire him (Qazi, 2010). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER – MARTIN LUTHER KING Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a Baptist minister’s family in 1929, Atlanta, Georgia. He was himself a Baptist minister and was awarded with national prominence as the leader of Civil rights movement in Unite d States and through the Southern Christian leadership conference. He was also one of the bearers of Nobel Prize for peace award in 19 64, his efforts and leadership abilities were the keys to success for his movement which was the ending of the legal segregation of the African Americans in the southern states of the United States. He was never in favor of violence and always wanted to bring about a social change in the status quo of people (McGuire & Hutchings, 2007). What makes Martin Luther King Jr. a transformational leader? He was a visionary. He had a broader vision to bring about a change and had the skills to convert the abstract ideas into an understandable objective and goal making it easier for his followers to understand. He was an

Nursing concept of burn out Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing concept of burn out - Research Paper Example In addition, such an individual will experience depersonalization (Cordes & Dourherty, 1993). In all occupations, including nursing, individuals experience stress mainly because of the work they do. When individuals experience stress at work, they become tired and their productivity level at work drops significantly. Therefore, burnout generally results in absenteeism, high employee turnover, decreased productivity of employees, as well as increase in physical conditions in employees, including headaches, insomnia, among others (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993). If employees experience stress in their work, the management, together with the employees themselves should look for appropriate ways of getting rid of any work-related stress they are experiencing. If this is not addressed and is left to continue for a long time, it results in burnout, which is more lethal. Burnout extends its effects from the individual to their families and jobs. Different studies show that burnouts are prevalent in helping professions such as social work and healthcare professions, including nursing (Elder, Evans, & Lizette, 2012). This paper will review considerable literature on the concept of burnout, and compare and contrast studies conducted on this concept in different years. This will culminate in a reflection on the concept of burning as presented in the studies, in order to provide a framework for enhanced understanding of burnout in nursing. According to Poncet et al. (2006), the concept of burnout has existed since the 1970s. Different studies have been conducted on this concept over the years, to understand it well for increased chances of dealing with the situation in affected organizations. In 1999, Jansenn, Jonge, and Bakker, conducted a study among different nurses in order to establish the various determinants of work motivation, burnout, and turnover among nurses. Poncet et al. conducted another study in 2006, and this sought to establish the degree of burnout in the nurs ing staff that was concerned with critical care. Finally, most recently in 2012, Spooner-Lane and Patton conducted a study in which they aimed at debunking the determinants of burnout among the nurses that worked in public hospitals. In their definition of the concept of burnout, Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) argued that burnout is not a symptom of work stress, but is what unmanaged work stress culminates into. They have used various definitions from different scholars to clarify more on the nature of burnout. Overall, from their definition, it remains that burnout is a result of extreme work-related stress. On the other hand, Poncet et al. (2006) have begun by highlighting a short history about the concept of burnout. They argue have defined the burnout syndrome a condition that results when employees fail to put up with the emotional stress they experience at their work place. They have alternatively defined burnout syndrome as the state in which an employee feels they have faile d, and are exhausted after they have used most of their energy in their job. Poncet et al (2006) have emphasized the detrimental effects of burnout syndrome on both the employee and the organization. Both Poncet et al. (2006) and Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have identified the epidemiological issues of burnout syndrome. Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have analyzed emotional exhaustion, while Poncet et al. (2006) have investigated headaches, exhaustion, insomnia, eating

Target based industry Essay Example for Free

Target based industry Essay How will you influence people to strive willingly for group objectives in your organization (Target based industry)? Apply your interpersonal influence through communication process towards attaining your specialized goals? Answer: Group objectives essentially mean that a group of individuals recruited into an organization have the same objectives to achieve in the same time frame. There can be many such groups in an organization having their own group objectives. For Example: A medical device company can have a group, whose objective is to carry out research and development in a selected field of medicine. Whereas in the same company there is a group, whose objective is to market the medical device to a target population and another group whose objective is to ensure particular number of sales per month for that device. Usually when such groups have 10 or more individuals, it is often noted that even though the group achieves their objectives successfully, there will always be a percentage of individuals who are not as efficient as the others. Hence these never strive willingly for the objectives because they know that in-spite of their low efforts or motivation, the objectives will eventually be achieved. This can discourage the others who are working hard and over a period of time the objectives will be difficult to achieve as demands increase and the efforts are submaximal from the team. Hence, it is vital to influence people to strive willingly in order to have a more efficient and successful team. Here are a few suggested ways that I would use to influence people to strive willingly in order to attain group objectives: a. Influencing intrinsic factors – Monetary incentives, bonuses, reasonable salaries. These are important as basic monetary requirements of an employee must be adequately fulfilled to ensure they remain loyal to the company and don’t go looking for better offers and work half – heartedly.

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan â€Å"If they are unwilling to understand your pain make them feel it.† Kevin Schaller THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO RECTIFY DEFICIENCIES IN THE LAW Background One sentence triggered me to work on the patient rights which is a Doctor be treated as patients to make them realize that how hard is it to be a patient’. In Pakistan the basic fundamental rights of patients globally acknowledged (Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation; Right to Preventive Measures; Right of Access; Right to Innovation and Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain) have not been adequately secured by the law, especially rights breached through malpractice and negligence by the medical vocation and the main reason being the inability of the aggrieved patients to file ‘Suit for the Recovery of Damages etc.’ in court of law under tort being incognizance about these rights that have not been legislated and are predicated on the unwritten common law. We overviewed the domestic legislation about the patients’ rights that enabled us to point out gaps and deficiencies in the domestic legislation in the cannon of patients’ rights which are being violated by healthcare providers. This work will enable the legislators in ameliorating the quality of life of patients. The rectification if only possible if special legislation is made keeping in view the deficiencies, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation. Thus, bringing the gaps and ambiguities, subsisting in the domestic legislation, in the lime light is additionally desideratum of hour if this country is solemnly wishes to amend the quality of human rights bulwark in patients care in Pakistan. Due to absence of any statutory legal framework the healthcare provider’s elaborate their own code, charter, code, rules and regulation with immunity or case law. While recognizing not only that doctors owe a fundamental duty of care to their patients but also that there is need to reform the present legal framework of the profession, it is essential to ensure that the focus of all reform is on distinguishing those doctors that act in good faith and to the best of their ability from those that are negligent, rash or reckless and on punishing only the latter with appropriate and objective severity. A solution lacking this balance will drive out any good doctors that may still remain in the country and leave the field open to their less vigilant peers to play with the lives of patients according to their whims. The Proposed Title of legislation: (Special Code for Healthcare) Therefore, to avoid legal conflicts, gaps, duplications, technical flaws, and vague norms found in current health care legislation discussed in the ‘prompt action’ domain of issues, unification, and codification of healthcare laws is desirable. Owing to significant influence from the continental legal system on patients’ rights the Pakistani legal system offers an opportunity for such unification by the creation of what might be titled the ‘Special Code of Healthcare.’ This approach can eliminate the need for different definitions for identical or similar terms and concepts, and would help to avoid conflicts, inconsistencies, and other gaps currently found both in terms of legal procedure and content due to which the patients in Pakistan are enormously being violated without halt. Therefore, making bases to this study, a package of legislative amendments was presented to the ministry of labor, health, and soon the Ministry will review the suggested amendments and orchestrating to issue orders to fine-tune deficiencies in the country’s health care legislation. The study has additionally accommodated as a reference guide for the Ministry’s legislative work, whose deliberations in this realm are underway, therefore, legislation to rectify the deficiencies, imperfections, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation can be ascertained in two parts: PART-I Based on these findings, a number of recommendations follow and the problematic issues fall into three steps: Prompt Action Here we deal with technical legal flaws i.e. definitions of Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation, ‘informed consent’, ‘the rights of a patient’s relative’, and ‘implied consent’ can be categorized as prompt action to act forthwith and without delay. Such problems do not need additional discussions about healthcare policy and for determining the rights we have discussed at length are supposed to be made available to all patients for which the recommendations offered are sufficient and adequate in order to make special legislation for administration of justice efficiently through setting up special courts and tribunals throughout Pakistan giving relief to aggrieved patients within the period of six months. As special baking, antiterrorist, consumers, labors etc courts are already set up in Pakistan in the interest of public. The patient relative should establish the priority ordering of ascending and descending relatives, or at least adopt the procedural framework established by Muhamdan laws determining different stages of heir: stage-1, (decedent’s children, spouse and parents, grandchildren, great grandchildren and great-great grandchildren), stage-2 (siblings of the decedent; nieces and nephews and their children) and stag-3 (grandparents; great grandparents), 4th class (uncles and aunts), 5th class (first cousins; their children). The ambiguity and vagueness of the terms and rights of Patients could be addressed by eliminating the word â€Å"etc.† or any other word creating doubts while interpreting it. Therefore, the new proposed legislation must ensure by clearly defining the terms ‘implied consent’ by providing an exhaustive list of the situations and legal triggers when implied consent can be invoked. As for as, the term medical malpractice is concerned the issue of unacceptably restrictive scope could be resolved by using the term â€Å"healthcare provider† instead of â€Å"physician etc† in defining the term â€Å"medical malpractice† because â€Å"healthcare provider† extends liability to other individuals and institutional entities involved in the provision of healthcare. To resolve the ambiguities, the legal definition of medical malpractice could be formulated as follows: â€Å"Medical malpractice shall be an unlawful action or act of omission of a healthcare provider, which has resulted in a patient’s death or disorganization of health, or has inflicted moral and/or material damage to a patient.† Likewise, in the realm of confidentiality, the proposed special law should be prepared so that a patient’s information be made available to third parties, including investigative bodies subject to provision of a court order. The proposed law must also specify when it is justified to disclose patient information for forensic medical examination purposes and either a court order or the consent of the patient or his or her legal representative must be required for disclosing the information. The proposed law on the Rights of Patients must expand the characterization of cases when information should be provided to next of kin or guardians of incapacitated individuals and it should also specify that patients possess the right to receive any other medical information related to their medical histories, treatment procedures, and personal identity. The obligations of medical professionals and institutions to provide information in such cases must be clearly delineated. Public Policy There is a rather large group of issues where legislative action can be taken only after choices and priorities are first determined in public policy arena and the issues falling under this category, recommendations of technical legal analysis are not sufficient for remedial legal framework; however, these findings do help flag legislative norms that must be fleshed out or otherwise amended. These ‘public policy’ issues include the scope, limit and circumstance under which ‘medical malpractice’, ‘confidentiality of information’, and ‘patients’ right to information etc can be determined. The situation is more complex regarding the issues in this domain, as decisions need to be made in the public policy area first and only then can these decisions be reflected in legislative reforms. Furthermore, ambiguities and controversies in the healthcare policy arena need to be resolved and priorities defined before legislative action. Deliberation Extensively Required The thesis has identified several topics i.e. as patient safety, rights of healthcare providers etc with respect to which there is neither any legislation nor there is any clear approach in the domestic legislative canon in Pakistan which requires conceptual consideration and synthesis of approaches. Only then, after those policy decisions have been made it will be possible to bring the legal framework into compliance with the requirements of a healthcare system emphasizing human rights in patient care. Hence, with regard to the issues in ‘deliberation extensively required’ as compared to the other categories, there is a longer road ahead before legislative amendments can be made to effectively address these issues. In the area of patient safety, Pakistan first needs to formulate a state policy on the topic and then bring the legislation into compliance with such policy. The work determines different stages of heirs mentioned above. The approach towards this issue should include at least two areas: regulation and implementation. For regulation, legislation needs to be improved with respect to patient rights and patient safety. For implementation, the competent and impartial authorized agency or authority be established to determine policy and safety standards etc at national level for enforcing these concepts in true letter and spirit. In addition, it is necessary to implement projects and activities aimed at eliminating specific risks that pose a danger to patient and provider occupational safety. To accomplish needed progress in the rights of healthcare providers, we recommend that a special section in the healthcare legislation of Pakistan be dedicated to regulating and guaranteeing the rights of healthcare providers as well. At least, legislative amendments must cover issues such as contractual rights of healthcare providers and protections covering faith and religion because here in Pakistan a general tradition is that people attribute any calamity or loss during the process of medical treatment as ‘Act of God or destination’. Part-II PM DC Reformation The role of the council is replete with criticism because of multiple reasons which we have already discussed earlier. Therefore, at this stage the following suggestions are given: The Council must function under strict check and balance system empowering and authorizing the same to reevaluate the registration, performance, terms and conditions of licenses of the healthcare professionals on annual basis by making required amendments and alteration in section 31 of the PM DC Ordinance, 1962 which empowers the council to cancel the registration of a negligent doctor, reads as, â€Å"The council (PM DC) in its discretion may refuse to permit the registration of any person or direct the removal altogether, for a specified period, of the name of any registered medical practitioner or dentist who has been convicted of any such offence; has been held by the council guilty of infamous conduct in any professional respect or who has shown himself to be unfit to continue in practice on account of ill mental health or other grounds.† Secondly, through a cumbersome procedure a complaint is supposed to filed by the aggrieved patient before the registrar or the legal head of the PM DC or the president regarding any negligence of doctors [1] but what would be the outcome or timeframe of such hectic procedure strictly followed by the aggrieved patient regarding the injury or loss he suffered through medical malpractice? Law is silent. Weather this council is authorized to take action against any private hospital? The ordinance is also silent about this as well. Here, on this point again the PM DC laws are completely silent which calls for overall reform of the Pakistan Medical Dental Council Ordinance, 1962 in line with international standards where many countries tried to reduce the risk of malpractice which cannot be eliminated 100% because the risk of mistakes and errors of judgment will always be there even if factors like self-interest are removed completely but in some hospital strict standard operating procedures that are checked and evaluated by third parties like, professional bodies of doctors, medical staff, state authorities and insurance companies. Since its establishments, the Council is being run and administered by medical practitioners for personal gains or joins the executive body as tool to run their private medical entities, units or set up and not for the benefit of the profession, the patients to diligently improving the standard of medical education, training and licensing and likewise, the body has almost no power to restore the license of a medical practitioner once it has been revoke. The basic and derived patients’ right (non-enforceable rights) also called ethical codes be incorporated along with the basic rights. The critics, objects this point because of its nonbinding character as these ethical codes have no statutory base, therefore, cannot be legally enforced. Voluntarily and non-enforceable basis of non-statutory code has drawbacks which could only be avoided through legislation. Part-III Amendments in PPC More so, a remedy through courts is always there but it adds more salt to the wound of aggrieved patients who is already suffered facing the prospect of losing a limb or his life. Therefore, the penalties for medical malpractice or negligence be introduced to prevent negligence from occurring if healthcare intentionally does anything with actus rea and mins rea the concerned be booked under penal code as well and all those laws giving them immunity be repealed. The quackery can’t be eliminated from our society unless with this regards some amendments are not introduced in PPC. S. (XXIX) of The Punjab Healthcare Commission Act, 2010 defines â€Å"quack† a pretender providing health services without having registration of the Medical and Dental Council, Council for Tibb, Council for Homeopathy and Nursing Council and saved its skin from criminal jurisdiction. Section 40 PPC defines word a thing made punishable by PPC, and further defines in section 44 word injury as any harm illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property and section 416 personation, a person is said to cheat by personation if he cheats by pretending to be some other person, or by knowingly substituting one person for another, or representing that he or any other person is a person other than he or such other person really is while section 419 deals with Punishment for cheating by personation: Whoever cheats by personation shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both. Unfortunately, quackery can be made an offence by making a slight amendment in PPC in the sections mentioned above but domestic trends protect this menace under the garb of technicalities. The question arises why so far against quackery none has been booked under penal code? Part-IV Miscellaneous Steps Awareness through electronic and print media: Average patients don’t know about their rights exactly what kind of service or limitations of their expectations. Separate Road Track for Emergency Services National Highway Authority must ensure that a separate track is lying on all roads for emergency. At government level, the general public be trained through celebrating ambulance week periodically for educating the masses about handling the emergency situation. Rules for Prescription Format The researcher as precautionary measures suggest that there must be a prescribed format for prescription and overleaf written all the basic rights and remedies of patients, with mandatory additional note:- I have diagnosed on ___________the Day of __________and fully understood the nature of the ailment of Mr / Ms. /____________________ and I feel fully competent to deal with the nature of ailment, hence, don’t refer to any other specialist doctor. The rules for prescription must be modernized through review keeping in view the Article 11 of the EU Directive on Patients Rights Rules for Pharmacies At national level all drugs and medicines classified as either the ‘Over the Counter Drugs’ or ‘Prescription only Drugs’; the prescribed drugs must only be sold by the pharmacies on the prescription of registered medical practices by PM DC. Social Security Framework: Can we replace tort compensation with a social security framework that serves victims patients like in 1972, New Zealand introduced the first ‘Universal No-Fault Insurance Scheme’ that provide compensation by the government-run Accident Compensation Corporation irrespective of negligence or malpractice whose goal may be to achieve equality of compensation and reducing different costs of litigation. In the 1970s, Australia and the United Kingdom drew up proposals for similar no-fault schemes but they were later abandoned but in Pakistan with certain amendments in this sector the goals can be achieved. [1] www.dawn.com/news/711896/cases-of-medical-negligence-on-the-rise-2, browsed on 12-4-2014