Effect of Odour and Lighting Intensity on Memory Recall

Effect of Odour and Lighting Intensity on Memory Recall Galindez, Dale Gilbert Varela, Sebastian Franco Yarte, Sonja Lynn Zaidem, Arwin Alexis The Effect of Intensity of Odor and Lighting of Environment to Memory Recall The principle of encoding specificity has been a key factor for memory recall. It has been found that a person has a higher chance of retrieving an information if they are in the same place where they have encoded the information (Tulving and Thomson, 1973). However, even if a person is in the exact place where he encoded the information, there are factors that should be considered to make the principle of encoding specificity stronger. A key factor would be attention. Attention usually refers to concentration on a particular aspect of the external environment, although it is possible to attend to one’s own thoughts and other internal states. The essence of the typical use of the term is captured in a statement by 19th century German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz, who noted that an observer who is steadily gazing at a fixation mark can, at the same time, concentrate attention on any given part of the visual field. The point in space, to which one is directing one’s eyes and the point to which one is attending to, thus are not necessarily the same, and one does not have to move the eyes to shift visual attention (Chastain, 2014). Another would be state-dependent memory. A person is more likely to retrieve an information if he is back in the original state when he first encoded the information. An example would be if a person consumed a substantial amount of alcohol when they learned a certain information. There is a higher probability for the person to remember the same information if he is to consume the same substantial amount of alcohol compared to trying to remember the information without consuming alcohol at all. If those two factors are important in memory recall, then the reduction or removal of either factors will make encoding specificity significantly weaker. In that case, we, the researchers, plan on testing whether intensity of odor and lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recall. Because of these two factors that affect memory recall, we have formulated questions which we intend to study about. We question if the intensity of odor alone will have a significant effect to memory recall. We also question if the lighting of an environment alone will have a significant effect to memory recall. Finally, we also question if both the intensity of odor and lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recall We have formulated three hypotheses that will answer our research questions. We believe that the intensity of odor will have a significant effect to memory recall. We also believe that the lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recall. Lastly, we believe that the intensity of odor and lighting of the environment will have a significant effect to memory recall. Literature Review After the study has been done by Tulving and Thomson in 1973, many people questioned that the validity of the study seemed more correlational than causational. Because of these uncertainties, many studies were done after the original study. Pointer and Bond (1998) used the same principle but it was focused on the context-dependent memory. The study was done by having the participants remember a passage which was previously chunked for 21 times. The paper in which the passage was printed was scented with peppermint, and was colored bright yellow. Then, the researchers measured how many chunks the participants were able to remember after they were made to answer a word search puzzle. A half or a full point was given to the participants for every right chunk they gave. It was found out that context-dependent memory is present in the olfactory cue, but not in the visual cue. Another study based from the original study was â€Å"Encoding Specificity Manipulations do Affect Retrieval from Memory† (Zeelenberg, 2005). The study describes two kinds of errors people may make with regards to memory. One is errors of omission wherein people fail to retrieve information in their memory and the other one is errors of commission wherein people retrieve information that did not actually happen. This study focuses and questions the idea of how people report what they have retrieved. The study mainly points out that what the participants have retrieved, whether right or wrong, is not necessarily what they report. Participants in an encoding specificity experiment may actually have retrieved the right words but due to their lack of confidence and in an attempt to reduce the number of mistakes they might commit, they do not report what they have retrieved. Due to the experimenters’ awareness that errors like this may affect their results, the method they used were the presentation of a target word, which the participants should retrieve. However, this target word had two cue words, which were presented to the participants, were something that they could use as retrieval cues. Another study, Age differences in encoding specificity (Puglisi JT et al, 1988) focuses on how the encoding specificity ability of people are affected by age. In their experiment, participants were divided into 2 groups; the first were a group of young adults who had an average age of 19.2, and the second group were old adults with an average age of 71.4. The study task presented had targets and retrieval cues that had either a strong or a weak semantic relationship. Additionally, cues presented at recall were either the same as or different from those presented at encoding, resulting in four encoding cues—retrieval cue combinations: (a) strong encoding cue and (same) strong retrieval cue; (b) weak encoding cue and (same) weak retrieval cue; (c) weak encoding cue and (different) strong retrieval cue; (d) strong encoding cue and (different) weak retrieval cue. (Puglisi JT et al, 1988). Participants were able to recall the target words better when cues at encoding were the same when it was presented to them at retrieval, as compared to participants whose cues in encoding were different in retrieval. They found out however, that when old adults were under divided attention when received verbal cues, there was more evidence of general encoding rather than encoding specificity. Moss’ study, â€Å"Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang† focuses on how the aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang oils help in the cognitive performance of people. Their cognitive performances were measured using the Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Assessment System. One group of participants were exposed to the aromas of peppermint and another one was exposed to the aroma of ylang-ylang. There was also a control group, in which there was no exposure to any kind of aroma. The results showed that the group that was exposed to the ylang-ylang had better cognitive performance than the control group while the group that was exposed to the peppermint scent did not have a significant difference to the cognitive performance of those in the control group. References Chastain, G. (2014). Attention. Salem Press Encyclopedia Of Health, Miles, C., Jenkins, R. (2000). Recency and suffix effects with immediate recall of olfactory stimuli. Memory, 8(3), 195-205. doi:10.1080/096582100387605 Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., Wesnes, K. (2008). Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang. The International Journal Of Neuroscience, 118(1), 59-77. Puglisi, J., Park, D., Smith, A., Dudley, W. (1988). Age Differences in Encoding Specificity.Journal of Gerontology, P145-P150. Pointer, S. C., Bond, N. W. (1998). Context-dependent memory: colour versus odour.Chemical Senses, 23(3), 359-362. Tulving, E., Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes inepisodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352-373. doi:10.1037/h0020071 Zeelenberg, R. (2004). Encoding specificity manipulations do affect retrieval frommemory. Acta Psychologica, 107-121.

My Speech About Adolf Hitler and Diversity, and How to Explain It to Grade School Children, If I Were the Teacher

There is no nice way to explain who Adolf Hitler was, and what he was guilty of. There would of course, have to be notices sent home to parents explaining what is going to be taught and they would of course need to sign a permission slip for each student. My Speech about Adolf Hitler and Diversity All men and women, were created equal but sometimes if a person who has something against another type of person, very bad things can happen. People can get hurt, and we don’t want anyone to be hurt, do we?I am here today to explain to all of you why it is wrong to judge other people. There was once a man called, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler, was the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler was also the head of the Nazi Party in Germany a long time ago. Hitler believed that not all men were the same. Because of his beliefs, he led Nazi Germany on an attack against people who in his mind, were bad people because they were different. The Nazi Party were a group of men and women wh o believed how Adolf Hitler believed.Hitler, was the head of these Nazis but because they were all in a position of power, they used their power to hurt other people. The Nazi’s main targets were the Jewish people. Hitler commanded his Nazis to capture all Jewish people, and then separate them into Concentration Camps. Once the Jewish men, women and children were there, they were abused and in most cases, killed. The Nazis also targeted people who were against their cause. There were many people who were against them. Adolf Hitler was guilty of organizing over 11-million deaths.Over 6-million people were Jewish. Not only did Adolf Hitler hate people who did not fit into his idea of what a person should look like, what they should believe or what race they were, but he also targeted people with disabilities. Hitler married a woman named Eva Braun. The Red Army (which was a militia of Russian peasants and workers), along with America and Britian, defeated Nazi Germany on May 2, 1945. Survivors who were enslaved in the Concentration Camps were freed. Hitler and Eva Braun killed themselves.So really this is a lesson to you all. Accept people for who they are and enjoy the fact that not everyone is alike. Diversity is a blessing and a person or a nation can grow from diversity because we can learn new things. Take America for instance: we have pizza from Italy, we get the word Kindergarten from Germany, we have Chinese food restaurants, and Mexican food! That is just to name a few. We are rich in culture! Diversity is awesome guys and remember: all men and women were created equal.

Where to Find College Topics Essay

Where to Find College Topics Essay I hope that the University of Chicago will give me a chance to be successful again. People started to stare at me. Admissions officers wish to understand what's important to you and how your background has shaped you as an individual. Colleges wish to realize what you're interested in and how you intend to work towards your aims. EssayEdge is the top application essay editing service on the planet. Once you get your completed essay, be sure to tell all your friends what a good service it is and what's the perfect place to acquire cheap essays. This feature can be quite helpful to students that are suddenly called away from their computer, and are not able to finish their course in 1 session. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Let's return to the TV idea. We're prepared to tell your story in a personal statement that speaks to each decision-maker. While it's annoying, starting over is sometimes the very best approach to find an essay that you're really pleased with. Instead it prescribes a means to read. It may be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma anything that's of personal significance, regardless of the scale. Bear in mind that a number of classes will merely offer you these 2 chances to earn a last grade. The course examines the start of the remainder of the. These sorts of qualities are going to have profound effect on your college experience, but they're tricky to determine based on a high school transcript. A great personal qualities essay comes out of a topic you truly feel zealous about. But if there's something which you truly want in life, you need to go out there and contribute it. All About College Topics Essay Use the essay to demonstrate how you differ from the rest of the capable applicants. When the payment was processed, students will obtain a user ID and password, which they need to log into the on-line course. Even though some teachers claim they prepare you for college, most students wouldn't consider it a work well done. Students should follow the typical personal essay format. I used mental preparation to keep my competitive edge for the remainder of the season. The better part of the students that leave the very first years do so during the initial six weeks of the fall term since they have never been in a position to create a successful transition. This leaves several new students fighting to adjust to their new atmosphere. The beginning transition to college can be among the most difficult, the application procedure. The college admission essay provides the student a chance to introduce himself or herself to an admissions committee. You absolutely have to redo this photo after 20 decades. I'm a firm believer in growth through experience, but college is among the biggest transitions an individual will make. If you have gotten a less than stellar grade, you might be thinking about how you should address it upon your college application. Because that job is intimidating, it's often hard to choose where to get started. Describe some tasks that you've accomplished over the last two years which don't have any connection to academic studies. Obviously, it's even more advisable to find a head start and start your planning earlier. Fortunately the terminal automation doesn't allow for such things to occur.

Effective Management Techniques For Children With Adhd

Effective management techniques for teachers to help kids with ADHD There are many things that a teacher should do, and has to do and one of those things is b an advocate for one of their students if there is a need for that. One thing that I have been thinking about a lot when it comes to topics that are important to be a child’s advocate for and that is ADHD. This is an important topic so I will be giving teachers some ways of how to help the teacher keep kids with ADHD in a general education classroom, along with manage the ADHD that the kids have. I think that this is an important topic that teachers should be an advocate for because it allows the kid to feel somewhat normal. Even if they are dealing with a disability and no being singled out and pulled out of a classroom to receive special education that is tailored to them and their learning disability. Before we even think of talking about how to handle kids with ADHD we need to know what signs to look for to tell if a child has ADHD. The signs teachers should be aware of that tell them one of their students has ADHD are displaying inappropriate levels of inattention and/ or hyperactivity-impulsivity for a student’s developmental stage of their life (DuPaul and Jimerson, 2014). That is not the only thing that characterizes a student that has ADHD another thing that teachers should be looking for is â€Å"attentional impairments can be evident in lapses of attention, carelessness in cognitive tasks, forgetfulness, orShow MoreRelatedThe Behavior Therapy For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder At School1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behavior Therapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at school By : Sarah Alharbi Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is one of the most well-known behavioral disorder in children (Madhuri 2015), Which estimated all year at about 3–10% between children worldwide. A.D.H.D is more commonly observed in boys five times more than girls ( Jonna 2006). There is no doubt that ADHD children exacts an enormous burden on society in terms of financial cost, stressRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1656 Words   |  7 Pagesinterferers with your development†. 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